70-620: Microsoft Windows Vista, Configuring

These are notes that I took while studying for the 70-620 Exam. I’ve boiled them down to what you need to know when you take the exam.

General Advice
This is an easy exam. In fact, it’s a laughably-easy exam if you have a lot of Windows experience and certifications. If you don’t, you still shouldn’t have much problem at all. I can’t imagine someone failing if they read a good book and study my notes here. I used the Sybex study guide to study for this exam. It did the job (again, the exam is easy), though I found that it covered a lot of material that the exam doesn’t cover. Those topics end up being covered in the 70-622 exam (Vista, Enterprise Support). If you intend on taking 70-622 next, then the Sybex guide practically kills two birds with one stone. If, on the other hand, you don’t intend on taking 70-622 next, you might be better off with the Microsoft study guide, which appears to better-address the 70-620 and not much more. Both are very good and recommended guides; pick the one that better suits your plans for after 70-620.


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This MCITP Certification is an easy one, but you shouldn’t take it too lightly. My main pieces of advice are: See if Microsoft is offering their “Second Shot” (free re-take) promotion and take advantage of it (even if you think that you’ll pass. There’s no reason not to, since you can use it more than once. You must sign up with Microsoft and use the special promotion code when scheduling your first sitting in order to be eligible to re-take it free (should you fail).

Consider taking your own notes while studying. Writing things down helps the memorization process. Besides, it’s possible that a topic that I know well and didn’t think to include is one that you may not be so strong in. Print these notes out and carry them with you (along with your own notes) on the day of the exam. Go over them on breaks, in the car and, most importantly, immediately before walking into the exam room (leave them outside, of course). For the most part, I’ve designed them to be succinct and memorizable.

Bring a pen with you and, should you fail the exam, as soon as you leave the testing center, write down (on the back of the printout or paper that you brought with you) everything from the exam that you can remember, especially questions and answers that you weren’t sure of. Spend a good 15-30 minutes. You won’t recall much even a few hours later, unless you have a better memory than I do. It really, really helps if you made good use of the “Select for Review” checkboxes while taking the test, since it means that all of the questions and answers that you weren’t sure of are the freshest things in your mind when you leave the testing center. Use everything that you wrote down as the basis for your re-take studying 70-620.

10 predictions for Windows 8

Although there have been numerous rumors regarding what we can expect from Windows 8, Microsoft has revealed very few concrete details. So I wanted to take the opportunity to present my predictions. Before I do however, I need to point out that most of these predictions are pure speculation on my part. I have no inside information from Redmond, nor do I claim to have a crystal ball.

Note: This article is also available as a PDF download.

1: ARM support
The one firm detail that Microsoft has released is that Windows 8 will support the ARM architecture. ARM processors are common in various consumer electronics devices, and it seems clear that Microsoft is positioning itself to allow Windows 8 to run on PCs, tablets, and cell phones.

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2: Separation from the server
Before the days of Windows XP, Windows Server and the Windows desktop clients were two completely different operating systems. In recent years, Microsoft has tried to cut development costs by designing its desktop and server operating systems to use the same kernel. Even so, I think we may see Microsoft make a departure from the strategy. In my opinion, Windows client operating systems (especially with the newly announced ARM support) are simply becoming too different from Windows Server operating systems. I think Microsoft will eventually have no choice but to resume completely separate development cycles. Whether this happens in the Windows 8 timeframe remains to be seen, though.

3: OS on a diet
For as long as I can remember, people have complained that Windows is an overly bloated operating system. Since Microsoft is going to design Windows 8 to run equally well on PCs and devices with ARM processors, I think that it will have no choice but to trim down the operating system.

Consumers have been driven to adopt tablets and other mobile devices because of their speed, simplicity, and the fact that they boot instantly. Windows 7 is far too bloated to meet any of these expectations. Therefore, if Microsoft wants to use Windows 8 on mobile devices, it will have to get rid of many of the things that make Windows 7 so bloated and inefficient.

4: Goodbye to 32-bit support
Even though there are rumors to the contrary, I expect Microsoft to do away with 32-bit support in Windows 8. Every PC that has been manufactured in the last several years includes a 64-bit processor. There is absolutely no reason why a brand-new operating system needs to continue to support legacy 32-bit hardware.

Whether Windows 8 will support 32-bit applications remains to be seen. In the previous item, I mentioned that Microsoft needs to design Windows 8 to make it less bloated and more efficient. One of the easiest ways Microsoft could do this would be to design the kernel so that it runs only 64-bit applications. However, there are still so many 32-bit applications in use, I think Microsoft will continue to provide support for those applications, even if it’s not in a traditional way.

5: Virtual plug-ins
Believe it or not, I think that Windows 7 was actually a model for Windows 8 in some ways. As you will recall, Microsoft offers something called Windows XP mode in some editions of Windows 7. With Windows XP mode, Windows XP runs as a virtual machine, but in a rather unique way. Users can either use the Windows XP desktop or they can run applications transparently through the Windows 7 desktop, even though those applications are actually running on Windows XP.

I think that Microsoft may bring the same model to Windows 8. Rather than provide backward compatibility to legacy operating systems within the Windows a kernel, Microsoft may create virtual instances of legacy operating systems (including 32-bit operating systems) that function as plug-ins to Windows 8. This would be an ideal solution because this approach would help keep the Windows 8 kernel small and efficient, while still providing a means of achieving backward compatibility for those who need it.

6: Heavy reliance on the cloud
This past summer at TechEd in New Orleans, Microsoft placed extremely heavy emphasis on cloud computing. I don’t expect Microsoft to completely abandon its cloud focus just because it has a new desktop operating system on the horizon. Instead, I look for Windows 8 to include heavy cloud integration. For example, I think that Windows 8 will probably provide the ability to make cloud applications appear to users as if they are installed and running locally.

7: Native support for virtualized apps
I think we can expect Windows 8 to offer native support for virtualized applications. Among these applications, I think Windows 8 will be designed to run Internet Explorer in a sandbox. This would help put an end to all the security issues that Microsoft has previously had with the browser, because virtualizing and sandboxing Internet Explorer would prevent malicious Web sites from infecting the core operating system. It may even be possible to reset Internet Explorer to a pristine state after each use.

8: A bigger distinction between consumer and enterprise versions
Ever since Windows XP, Microsoft has offered different editions of its desktop operating systems with at least one version geared toward consumers and another toward businesses. I think that in Windows 8, we will see a greater distinction between the consumer and enterprise editions than ever before.

If my prediction about the core operating system being small and efficient holds true, I think that Microsoft will market the lightweight OS to businesses as being more secure than previous versions of Windows because of its smaller footprint. At the same time, though, I doubt that Microsoft will be able to resist the temptation to load up the consumer version with unnecessary software, such as software to provide native support for Zune.

9: Using hardware to drive sales
One thing that was abundantly clear from the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas this year is that the PC is in real trouble. Consumers have begun to shy away from purchasing desktops and laptops in favor of purchasing tablet devices. As a result, I look for Microsoft to use native operating system support for specialized hardware to try to woo customers back to the PC. For example, I think we will see an adaptation of Microsoft Kinect for the PC, which will allow interacting with the PC via hand gestures. Just how practical it will be to work with a PC in this manner remains to be seen, but I think it will make a great marketing gimmick.

10: Name change
Even though everyone has been using the name Windows 8, I don’t think that will be the official name of the new operating system. At the moment, Microsoft has a serious image problem. It’s perceived by many as being out of touch and late to the party. While other companies are focusing on tablets and mobile devices, Microsoft is still writing software for the PC. I think that in an effort to lose its dated image, Microsoft may rebrand Windows as something completely different. It might even lose the name Windows.

If you think this sounds farfetched, consider what recently happened with Microsoft Flight Simulator. Flight Simulator has been around for roughly 30 years, which puts its longevity more or less on par with Windows. Even so, Microsoft has announced that the next edition will be called Microsoft Flight. It is rebranding the product to try to change its image in order to attract gamers and not just pilots (or aspiring pilots).

Your predictions
Do you agree with the possibilities outlined here? Join the discussion and share your own Windows 8 prophesies.

Major Topics That Will Be On the CCENT Exam

The CCENT Exam is the most popular and hottest exam designed specifically designed to configure a small size network in IT field. After passing this certification you are capable enough to handle major networking issues. This certification increases your demand in IT industry. The employers are always interested in hiring CCENT certified professionals as it adds value to the organization that it has CCENT certified professionals in their work force.

Before going for Certkingdom SY0-201 exam one should understand the topics or outline of the exam.

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IP Addresses: It is a main and key component of networking. Through IP addresses a computer send information to other computers. It looks like as a house addresses just like the postal system. Every single house is required to have a house number and a street name that it is located on. With this a man know show to get the mail to your house. It consists of two parts one is networking and other is host part and these two are determined by subnet mask.

Subnetting: For CCENT exam subnetting is the most integral and important topic as it shows up in almost all questions and because you will have to answer a simulation question about subnetting. It is suggested to spend lots of time in understanding subnetting.

The OSI Model: This will lay out your foundation upon which the rest of the topics rely on. The clear understanding of OSI model enables you to attempt the paper and get a grasp on the field of networking. This model is designed allow uniformity between vendors of networking equipment.

Wireless: This topic was not included in Certkingdom 640-802 exams previously. Now with more topics wireless is also included in Cisco exams.

How to Hide Files in jpeg/jpg Pictures without any software

Today I will tell you about how to hide secure files in Jpeg/Jpg pictures without any software.Through this trick you can easily hide video clips, pdf file, virus, mp3 or anything. When we want to edit disguise image in paint or by any other photo editing software. It will not modify because it is different from normal files.

Here is the trick

1) Add a zip file for hidden documents by winrar.
2) Take any jpg/gif picture of any size and Dimension. for ex. we take desert.jpg.
3) Now Copy both two Files (zip or picture) in Same Folder. Let’s say we have copied the file in C Drive.
4) Now open the Command prompt window. Move to the Destination Folder.
5) Just Type the following command:

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copy /b desert.jpg + securefile.rar secureimage.jpg

Here desert.jpg is the name of the original image, securefile.rar is the name of the rar file we want to Hide, and secureimage.jpg is the name of the output image which contain both rar file and the image.
6) To get the original rar file, just rename secureimage.jpg to secureimage.rar and than extract it using 7-zip or Winrar.

If you face any problem than comment below.

Wireless Remote For Your iPhone and iPhod

WiFiRemote is a 8-in-1 wireless remote control for iPhone and iPod Touch. New Feature added in this apps is “Application quick launch pad – Automatically imports the application shortcuts from quick launch toolbar/Dock for Windows/OSX. Allows user to launch favourite application easily. No configuration required.”

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This application include following :
1. Three buttons multi-touch touchpad
2. Textpad with Chinese handwriting recognition input method support.
3. Full feature landscape keyboard.
4. Accelemeter mouse.
5. Media player and Media Center remote for Windows.
6. Front row, QuickTime and iTunes remote for Mac OSX.
7. User configurable keys
8. Application launch pad.

Password: BlackVinta

Exam 70-620

Exam 70-620:
TS: Configuring Microsoft Windows Vista Client
Published: January 03, 2007
Language(s): English
Audience(s): IT Professionals
Technology: Windows Vista
Type: Proctored Exam

Microsoft Online ResourcesWindows Vista – Learning Portal: Find special offers and information on training and certification.Product information: Visit the Windows Vista Web site for detailed product information.Microsoft Learning Community: Join newsgroups and visit community forums to connect with your peers for suggestions on training resources and advice on your certification path and studies.TechNet: Designed for IT professionals, this site includes how-to instructions, best practices, downloads, technical resources, newsgroups, and chats.

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About this Exam
This Technical Specialist (TS) exam, Exam 70-620: TS: Windows Vista, Configuring, became available in January 2007. This exam is available in English and German.

Audience Profile
Candidates for Exam 70-620: TS: Windows Vista, Configuring, should have at least one year of experience in the IT field. They typically provide phone support at the tier-1 or tier-2 level in a wide range of environments, including retail stores and the medium-sized organization or enterprise environment.

Candidates should have experience resolving issues concerning network connectivity, desktop operating systems, security, and applications. Their experience should also include addressing logon problems, performing password resets, and resolving most issues with desktop applications.

Credit Toward Certification
When you pass Exam 70-620: TS: Configuring Microsoft Windows Vista Client, you complete the requirements for the following certification(s):
Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist IT certification: Windows Vista, Configuration Exam 70-620: TS: Configuring Microsoft Windows Vista Client: counts as credit toward the following certification(s):

Microsoft Certified IT Professional (MCITP): Consumer Support Technician
Microsoft Certified IT Professional (MCITP): Enterprise Support Technician
Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator (MCSA) on Windows Server 2003 and Microsoft Windows 2000
Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE) on Windows Server 2003 and Microsoft Windows 2000 Server
Microsoft Certified IT Professional (MCITP): Enterprise Administrator

A Microsoft Certified Desktop Support Technician (MCDST) can use Exam 70-621: PRO: Upgrading Your MCDST Certification to MCITP Enterprise Support as credit for certifications that list Exam 70-620 as a required or elective exam.

Exam 70-270 Microsoft’s MCDST Windows XP Examination Guidelines

Exam 70-270 is one of the Microsoft certification examinations and the name of the examination is Windows XP Professional. This certification is designed for the candidates who wish to gain knowledge and skills in the ability to solve the end user incident request by troubleshooting as well as configuring windows XP operating system. This examination is one of the examinations for certifying MCDST certification. Exam 70-271 is the other examination for certifying with MCDST.

Prerequisites for this examination:
For writing this exam, there are no specific prerequisites required for the candidates but it is recommended to have some basic knowledge about the Windows XP operating system like Windows XP home edition, XP professionals that include with Microsoft office tools as well as Microsoft outlook express.

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How to practice for the exam?
Candidates can practice for this exam by reading the following sections and they are:

1) Installation process of windows XP professionals on your computer
2) Configuration of internet connection firewall components (ICF)
3) Configuration as well as testing several TCP/ IP by using commands such as PATCHPING, PING and TRACERT.

Exam objectives:
The following are the examination objectives of 70-270 and free Microsoft questions they are:

1) Configuring application security
2) Solving issues that is related with usability
3) Troubleshooting as well as configuring applications
4) Solving issues related with customizing applications
5) Troubleshooting as well as configuration connectivity for the applications.

Job roles and other details of the exam:
After successful completion of this examination, candidates can get several job opportunities for several positions in the top companies. Some of the job roles include: PC support specialists, technical support specialists, customer support representatives etc. The exam comprises of 50 multiple choices, drag-drop, built a tree, reorder type questions. Time duration is approximately 90 minutes and the minimum score to pass in this examination is 700 out of 1000 (70%).

How to Buy the Right Headphones

These days, some people happily spend more than half a grand on a new tablet or portable media device with an estimated lifespan of around three years, yet the question I’m asked most often is still, “What’s the cheapest pair of headphones I can buy that don’t completely suck?” Headphones, earbuds, and earphones (I’ll describe the difference between them in a bit) are generally viewed as the least essential link in the musical chain—the part you can easily skimp on. In reality, your headphones are the most important link in that chain: A quality pair has a larger impact than the player itself on how your tunes will sound. Also, if well cared for, they will long outlive your planned-to-be-obsolete tablet, phone, or MP3 player. And you don’t have to break the bank, either. For as little as $40, you can get a high-quality pair of headphones and really begin to enjoy all the sweet-sounding audio you’ve been missing.

Thanks to the wild popularity of iPods and iPhones, those trademark white Apple earbuds have become ubiquitous. Even so, earbuds are not an ideal listening option, since they don’t enter your ear canal and as a result don’t create a true seal. Thus, they’re more likely to be placed at an odd angle, often destroying the balance of the audio mix—and you can forget about getting solid bass response. Earphones, on the other hand, sit further in your ear canal, creating an actual seal—and they’re often more comfortable to wear, since they tend to stay in place better than earbuds. Headphones, by contrast, are over-the-head (or behind-the-head) speakers that don’t enter your ear canals at all. Circumaural models create a seal with cups that surround your entire ear, whereas open, or supra-aural headphones sit directly on your ears without forming a seal.

Now let’s take a look at how to find better alternatives to those lousy stock-issue earbuds. Since earphones have won the popularity war over other styles, we’ll start with them, but we’ll also explore headphones, including noise-canceling and wireless options.


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Earphones
As explained above, earbuds aren’t the best way to get the most from your music. If you’re looking for booming bass on a budget, reasonable quality starts to emerge in the $40-50 range. They don’t deliver the most accurate sonic experience, but some feature deep, resonant low end—perfect for hip-hop and electronic music—which is a recent development in affordable earphones. Generally speaking, you won’t find true audio quality in earphones until you pass the $50 mark. In the $50 to $150 price range, you can expect earphones that fit well, deliver powerful bass and crisp treble, and come with a variety of ear tips in different sizes to ensure a good seal. Ultimate Ears, Sennheiser, and Shure, are consistently strong players in this category, but we’ve recently seen promising affordable earphones from other competitors, like the $120 iBeats by Dr. Dre from Monster and the $100 Bose IE2.

If you’re more about accuracy than booming bass, you’ll want “flat-response” pairs that offer a more pure, less sculpted audio signal. The Etymotic ER-4S ($300) is our flat-response earphone benchmark, and you’ll find it in many of our HEAD Acoustics graphs as a comparison pair. In this same price range, you should expect well-matched left and right earphones, as well as better definition on the lowest and highest frequencies. Etymotic makes the flattest pair in this range, but there are plenty of options that offer more low-end without boosting too much.

Earphones can be far more expensive than a couple hundred dollars, however—the JH Audio JH16 Pro will cost you $1,150. They’re a custom-molded pair with subwoofers added in each ear for more accurate deep bass response. These are unbelievable sounding earphones (at that price, they’d better be!) and they do a great job of passively eliminating ambient noise around you, as well.

Headphones
When it comes to consumer headphones, two companies in particular, Grado and Sennheiser, truly stand out from the crowd. Grado makes mostly supra-aural headphones that range from $70-$1,000. The Grado GS1000 pair, with its mix of supra-aural and circumaural design, delivers audio that sounds about as good as it possibly can. Even so, at $995 the GS1000 isn’t for everyone: They’re not very portable, and you can’t ignore the wooden earpieces. (I actually think they look pretty cool, and luckily, Grado has more affordable options, like the sub-$100 SR60.) Generally, headphones should be able to reproduce richer low end since they have larger drivers than earphones and they don’t rely on an in-ear seal to deliver sound. The $200 Denon AH-D1100 was released last year as an update to a similarly named, critically adored headphone pair. If you seek flat response with a bit of added bass response, but not too much, it’s a great pair to consider; they’ll feed your hunger for deep bass and work nicely on the quieter songs as well.

Noise-Canceling Headphones
You might try to dismiss the din of the outside world by cranking up the volume, but the best solution for saving your sanity and your ears is to invest in a pair of noise-canceling headphones, so you can enjoy your audio at much lower volumes. The Bose QuietComfort 15, our Editors’ Choice, offer fantastic noise cancellation, and they sound pretty good—but they will set you back about $300. Meanwhile, Phiaton recently released an excellent in-ear noise canceling pair, the Phiaton PS 20 NC; at half the price as the Quiet Comfort 15, they’re a steal. It’s also important to note: noise-canceling headphones are generally not for audiophiles—they typically put noise cancellation before sound quality and tend to sound less compelling than similarly priced headphones without the noise-cancellation circuitry. Plus, several in-ear earphones offer substantial passive noise reduction by basically functioning as earplugs.

Wireless Headphones
There’s no disputing that wireless headphones can be convenient in any situation where you don’t want to deal with dangling cables—like the gym, for example. Unfortunately, Bluetooth wireless stereo audio doesn’t measure up when compared with the tried-and-true wired kind. This is because the data signal containing Bluetooth audio is extremely compressed and therefore can’t carry enough information to deliver rich sound. But if you can’t stand cords, check out wireless pairs like the Motorola S10-HD that double as headsets to let you answer cell phone calls. For higher-quality wireless sound, Kleer’s excellent RF-based wireless technology has made its way into a smattering of headphones and earphones, primarily from Sennheiser. At CES, Sennheiser announced more Kleer-equipped pairs are on the way.
Related Story

Before you settle on your perfect pair, check out the latest reviews in the Headphones Product Guide. And for more information on how we evaluate earphones and headphones, visit the How We Test page.

Dell Streak 7 (T-Mobile)

As we await Google’s Honeycomb operating system to properly usher in the Android tablet era, new tablets—with earlier, less tablet-friendly versions of Android—continue to appear. The Dell Streak 7 ($199.99 with a 2-year T-Mobile contract) runs a re-skinned version of Android 2.2, and its 7-inch capacitive multi-touch-enabled screen makes it a direct competitor of the Samsung Galaxy Tab ($399.99, 3.5 stars). Despite the Streak 7 being a 4G tablet and the first with the speedy Nvidia Tegra 2 processor, it suffers from some serious shortcomings. Download and upload speed tests netted results more fitting for a 3G device. The photo and video viewing experience is weak, and video chatting is abysmal. Honeycomb may be on the horizon, but in the meantime, Android lacks a viable competitor to the top-notch Apple iPad ($499-$829, 4 stars).

Before we get to the good stuff, here’s what the Streak 7 will cost you: T-Mobile offers two different payment plans. The Overage Free Plan gives you 5GB of data per month; T-Mobile reduces data speeds and throughput once you exceed your 5MB monthly allotment. For new customers, the overage plan is $49.99 per month, and existing T-Mobilers get it for $39.99.

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The 200MB Data Plan charges you 10 cents per every MB over 200MB you use. This plan is $29.99 monthly for new customers and $24.99 for current T-Mobile customers. There are also three pre-paid plans: $10 (100MB, one week pass), $30 (300MB for one month), and $50 (1GB for a month pass).

All of these plans, of course, are on top of the $199.99 cost of the tablet itself.
Specifications

Operating System =     Google Android 2.3 or earlier
Service Provider =    T-Mobile
Screen Size =     7 inches
Storage Capacity (as Tested) =     16 GB
Dimensions =     4.7 x 7.9 x 0.5 inches
Networking Options =     802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 4G

Design
The Streak 7 looks like most of its Android brethren, with a 7-inch, 800-by-480 display framed by a glossy black plastic case. A 1.3-megapixel front-facing camera sits above the screen when the tablet is horizontal, and Backward, Settings, and Home touch-sensitive controls are situated along the right-edge of the display. There’s a 30-pin connector on the bottom panel—the 30 pin-to-USB cable is included, and the USB end also plugs into the power adapter that ships with the Streak 7 for charging. Internal stereo speakers are embedded in the left- and right-hand panels, along with a 3.5-mm headphone jack (earbuds are included, unlike with the Apple iPad) and a snap-shut compartment that houses the SIM card and SD card slot for memory expansion (up to 32 additional GB) to supplement the 16GB of internal storage. Up top, there’s a Power button and Volume controls, and on the back panel, above the Dell and T-Mobile logos, the rear-facing 5-megapixel camera and LED flash.

Internally, the Streak 7 makes waves where no other tablet has: it features the first Nvidia Tegra 2—a system-on-a-chip with the first mobile dual core CPU. While we expect to see the Tegra 2 in many tablets in the coming year, this is a big deal—and we ran speed benchmark tests on the Streak 7 to show you just how big a deal it is. More on this later in the review, but suffice to say: It’s the fastest tablet we’ve tested. That said, with several Tegra 2 tablets on the way, the Streak 7’s about to have plenty of speedy competition.

CCIE Routing and Switching Certification Guide

CCIE Routing and Switching Certification Guide, Fourth Edition, is a best-of-breed ccie routing and switching lab study guide that focuses specifically on the objectives for the CCIE Routing and Switching written exam.

Well-respected networking professionals Wendell Odom, Rus Healy, and Denise Donohue share preparation hints and test-taking tips, helping you identify areas of weakness and improve both your conceptual knowledge and hands-on skills. Material is presented in a concise manner, focusing on increasing your understanding and retention of exam topics.

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CCIE Routing and Switching Certification Guide, Fourth Edition, presents you with an organized test preparation routine through the use of proven series elements and techniques. “Do I Know This Already?” quizzes open each chapter and allow you to decide how much time you need to spend on each section. Exam topic lists make referencing easy. Chapter-ending Exam Preparation Tasks sections help drill you on key concepts you must know thoroughly.

The portion highlight in red is completely incorrect right? It’s been my understanding that before even trying to send an ARP requests, a sending host checks the remote IP address against it’s own IP and subnet mask to determine if the remote IP is on the same network. If the remote IP is on a seperate network, it doesn’t bother sending an ARP packet at all because it wouldn’t do any good and ARPs for the MAC address of the default gateway instead (or just sends to the default gateway MAC if it already knows it.

CCIE holders believe it is critical that networking professionals stay ahead of the increasing number of internal and external security breaches that jeopardize today’s networks. Over the next three to five years, security and risk management will be the networking skills in greatest demand, according to 64 percent of the survey participants. One out of three expects network and information security breaches to remain a top concern of CIOs over the next ccie voice lab bootcamp five years.